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Empirical evidence from Japan Tweet Print TANAKA Ayumu Research Associate Policymakers fear the negative employment effects of foreign direct investment. This column provides recent empirical evidence on FDI and domestic employment. The results show that FDI has positive effects on domestic employment. Furthermore, our new empirical research finds a non-negative relationship between Japanese firms' foreign activities and their suppliers' domestic employment.The Japanese government is concerned about the so-called "hollowing out of manufacturing," referring to the negative effects of FDI on domestic employment. A typical story is described below"Japanese firms face severe competition with firms in low-wage Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Taiwan. Many Japanese firms, therefore, establish their overseas subsidiaries in low-wage countries, which results in the manufacturing workers in Japan losing their jobs. To protect them, it is necessary for the government to subsidise Japanese firms."In the 2000s, the fear of hollowing out grew among policymakers for many reasons, including a strong yen and a high corporate tax rate. After the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, an electricity supply problem also arose due to the shutdown of the nuclear power plants, which exacerbated the fear of hollowing out.The government subsidises firms which establish new plants inside Japan. Following the earthquake the government provided additional financial support for firms. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) provided subsidies reaching approximately 300 billion yen ($3.85 billion) to 510 firms to remain in the country.Before examining whether these policies are adequate, we investigate whether or not FDI has a negative employment effect. Empirical evidence from JapanSeveral empirical studies investigate the employment effects of FDI and offshoring. Most studies have found either positive or non-negative employment effects (Note 1).My recent study examines the employment effects of FDI using comprehensive firm-level data from the Basic Survey of Japanese Business Structure and Activities (METI, 2001-2008). I compare firms that initiated FDI to those that did not using propensity score matching (PSM).Figure 1 shows the average employment growth of FDI starters and non-starters in the Japanese manufacturing industry. The FDI starters' average employment growth rate is 17.7%, while that of the FDI non-starters is 5.1%. Therefore, the estimated average effect of FDI on employment is 12.6%.Figure 1: Impact of FDI on the Log of Employment in Manufacturing (Tanaka, 2012)Note: The relative time is zero for the year when FDI is initiated. The vertical axis represents the change from t-2 in the log of employment. The solid and dashed lines represent first-time investors and the matched control group, respectively.The results indicate that the impact of FDI on employment in the Japanese manufacturing industry in the 2000s was positive rather than negative. The positive employment effects of FDI are accompanied by positive effects on exports and domestic sales by the parent firms in Japan. This suggests that the relationship between domestic and overseas activities by Japanese firms is complementary.Another study I conducted with Keiko Ito (Ito and Tanaka 2013) sheds light on the impacts of FDI on domestic suppliers. We identified the transaction relationship among Japanese firms using a database provided by Teikoku Databank and constructed a firm-level database which contains basic information on Japanese firms and their foreign subsidiaries and domestic suppliers. Our results show that, on average, Japanese firms' foreign activities are positively - or at least non-negatively - related to their domestic non-multinational suppliers' employment. This new finding implies that firms that supply their products to multinational firms can enjoy positive employment effects. Policy implicationsEmpirical evidence does not support the hollowing out of manufacturing or a negative employment impact of FDI on the Japanese manufacturing industry. Rather, FDI shows positive employment effects. The implication is that policy which lowers firms' incentives to invest abroad is not adequate for increasing domestic employment.Authors' note: Tanaka (2012) and Ito and Tanaka (2013) are outputs of a project on international trade and investment undertaken by the Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).This article first appeared on www.VoxEU.org on November 20, 2013. Reproduced with permission. Footnote(s) ^ Barba Navaretti et al. (2009) find such a result for Italy and France, Castellani et al. (2008) for France, Desai et al. (2009) for the US, Hijzen et al. (2011) for France, Yamashita and Fukao (2010) for Japan, and Wagner (2011) for Germany. Reference(s) Barba Navaretti, Giorgio, Davide Castellani, and Anne-Celia Disdier (2010), "How does Investing in Cheap Labour Countries Affect Performance at Home?", Oxford Economic Papers, 62(2): 234–260. Castellani, Davide, Ilaria Mariotti, and Lucia Piscitello (2008), "The Impact of Outward Investments on Parent Company's Employment and Skill Composition: Evidence from the Italian Case", Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 19: 81–94. Desai, Mihir, Fritz Foley, and James Hines (2009), "Domestic Effects of the Foreign Activities of U.S. Multinationals", American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 1(1): 181–203. Hijzen, Alexander, Sebastien Jean, and Thierry Mayer (2011), "The Effects at Home of Initiating Production Abroad: Evidence from Matched French Firms", Review of World Economics, 147:457–483. Ito, Keiko and Ayumu Tanaka (2013), "Expansion of Overseas Production and the Impact on Employment in Domestic Supporting Industries: An Empirical Analysis Based on Buyer-Supplier Transaction Relationships", mimeograph. Tanaka, Ayumu (2012), "The Effects of FDI on Domestic Employment and Workforce Composition", RIETI Discussion Paper Series, No. 12-E-069. Wagner, Joachim (2011), "Offshoring and Firm Performance: Self-selection, Effects on Performance, or Both?", Review of World Economics, 147:217–247. Yamashita, Nobuaki and Kyoji Fukao (2010), "Expansion Abroad and Jobs at Home: Evidence from Japanese Multinational Enterprises", Japan and the World Economy, 22: 88–97. Tweet November 21, 2013 Print Article(s) by this author Scale of Imports of COVID-19 Vaccines from Spain September 16, 2021［Policy Update］ International Trade and Income Inequality in Japan November 15, 2017［Newspapers & Magazines］ Why exporters and multinational firms pay higher wages February 3, 2016［VoxEU Column］ Is the negative impact of FDI real? 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